The COVID-19 pandemic has not put a pause on the Y-K Delta’s environmental threats. In Chefornak, a family was forced to evacuate their home because a sinkhole caused by thawing permafrost formed underneath it. That family had to move into a building intended to be a quarantine facility.
Delores “Dolly” Abraham’s original fear was not a sinkhole, but the river. By last spring, she said that the riverbank, which is eroding in Chefornak, had almost reached the edge of her home.
“Probably like 6 or less feet,” Abraham said.
With help from her village, Abraham planned to move her home to a safer location. But when contractors came to begin the process of moving her house, they found a bigger problem than the river: there was a 4 to 6-foot-deep sinkhole underneath her home.
“I got scared. I didn't want to live in there anymore,” Abraham said. “And the house, when we went in the house it shook a little.”
Because of the unstable foundation, contractors told Abraham that her home could not be moved and had to be condemned.
This is not the first sinkhole to appear in Chefornak in recent years. Mayor Anna Abraham said that a few years ago, a man actually fell into a mud-filled sinkhole while walking with his 2-year-old daughter.
“He fell above his waist area, and he wasn't able to feel anything underneath,” said the mayor.
The man put his daughter on his shoulders, yelled for help, and was assisted out of the hole by neighbors.
Permafrost is thawing in communities all around the Y-K Delta and Alaska, but Chefornak’s situation with sinkholes is a little unique. Torsten Mayrberger, who has a PhD in geotechnical engineering, said that you can trace the sinkholes back to a volcano 4 miles south of Chefornak that was active long ago.
“If you go into Chefornak itself, there's boulders everywhere,” Mayrberger said. “And those boulders are from the volcanic eruption.”
Mayrberger works for PND Engineers, who is partnering with the Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium to help Chefornak with its environmental threats. He said that these volcanic boulders make up a lot of the permafrost in Chefornak. In between the boulders is silt or mud. When the icy silt between the boulders melts, it can create pockets of unstable ground that people call sinkholes. Although, Mayrberger said that it’s not very accurate to describe them as holes.
“It's not a hole at all. It's just soft soil that’s not draining. It's just mud. It's like, you know, the quicksand that you see in the old movies,” Mayrberger said.
Climate change is a large reason why the permafrost is melting. 2020 was the second warmest year on record, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. But climate change is not the only reason for the permafrost thaw, according to Don Antrobus, the Climate Change Adaptation Program Manager at ANTHC.
“What we're seeing right now is some dramatic change in the permafrost in communities that is exceeding the rates that are estimated by our climate science,” Antrobus said. “So I don't think that means that climate science is wrong. I think that means there are other drivers.”
Antrobus said that those other drivers of melting permafrost could be foot traffic, the heat that comes out of buildings, or even how the water drains in those communities.
“I think it's important to really evaluate that and determine what the drivers are. If we assume it's simply climate change, and we move to a new location and we repeat our same building practices, then we're likely to see the same results,” Antrobus said.
Mayrberger, the geotechnical engineer, agrees with Antrobus. He’s helping Chefornak plan a new subdivision to replace some of the buildings threatened by permafrost degradation, erosion, and flooding. One of Mayrberger’s ideas to avoid these problems in the future is to build 10-unit townhouses so that there are fewer structures emitting heat into the permafrost.
“The smaller footprint of your urbanized area, if you will, the better,” Mayrberger said.
While these longer-term plans are in progress, there are emergencies already at hand. When the sinkhole under Abraham's home was discovered, her family became homeless. They bounced around with other family members until moving in with Abraham's son.
Six months after the family’s evacuation, the city finished remodeling its community center building with CARES Act funding, intended as a quarantine center. Mayor Anna Abraham said that offering the residence to Dolly Abraham's family still served the purpose of CARES Act funds.
“Due to the overcrowding of one residential home, trying to limit the exposure of COVID to spread in our community, we had decided to put her in there,” said the mayor.
Abraham said that she’s thankful for her temporary residence, but she’s hoping to be back in a home that’s hers. She’s applied for a federal grant that could build her a new house by 2023.
